Behaviorism And Classical Conditioning And Operant...

Behaviorism is one of many theories in the field of psychology. It can be applied in different learning scenarios for different research purposes. Biographical information will be provided about the founders of the theory who are John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. However, the information will focus more on their early education and known achievements. Furthermore, you will find different theories regarding behaviorism such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In order to understand the difference and similarities between the two of them examples have been provided. To fully comprehend in what Behaviorism consists of, modern applications examples of the theory have been also included. These examples will consist of everyday learning experience such as, school environment and at home. Behaviorism is a complex theory, however, I am fascinated by the theory of behavior, especially how a behavior can be predicted after it has gone through conditioning. When we think about psychology, it is normally thought about the study of the brain, the conscious, and unconscious mind. However, there are many different divisions within the psychology field that focus on specific areas that introduce different theories. One of the divisions is the theory of Behaviorism, the theory was developed by John B. Watson and B.F Skinner, that implies that environment stimulus can effect someone’s behavior. This behavioral psychology focuses on how humans or animals’Show MoreRelatedBehaviorism, Operant And Classical Conditioning1309 Words   |  6 Pagesideas and concepts and challenging them until they figured out how behavior works. Behaviorism is a school of thought that was joined from no other than John B. Watson. Behaviorism is the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioral events, in contrast with subjective mental states. Behaviorism was a movement in psychology and philosophy that emphasized the outward behavioralRead MoreBehaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning1700 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical c onditioning. The most important part of classical conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog food causes an unconditioned response like salivation. He thenRead MoreWatson, Skinner and Tolman Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesfounder of behaviorism and B.F. Skinner is the founder of radical behaviorism, but Edward Tolman marches to a different drum and is known for developing cognitive theory. Herein we will compare and contrast each theory and formulate how each theory is imperative in 2012. John B. Watson Born January 9, 1878 John B. Watson is credited as the founder of behaviorism. Behaviorism is a theory that equates behavior to conditioning. Typical examples of behavior conditioning are classical conditioningRead MoreClassical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesDefine Classical Conditioning and Behaviorism. b) Identify the two major characteristics that distinguish classical conditioning from operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning process of an individual when they come in contact with certain stimuli. According to Pavlov, a Russian psychologist, he developed several experiments on learning and he discovered that classical condition is the basic form of learning for an individual. However, according to Pavlov, behaviorism is theRead More The Science of Psychology Essay1078 Words   |  5 Pagesto psychology, the most important being structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt, behaviorism, etc. The approach that deals with learning is behaviorism. Behaviorism was a movement in psychology and philosophy that emphasized the outward behavioral aspects of thought and dismissed the inward experiential aspects. It was proposed in 1913 by John B. Watson, who is known as the founder of behaviorism. Behaviorists are mainly concerned with the manner in which organisms learn orRead MoreBehaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesonly responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionism, Pavlov’s classical conditioning and the well-known conditioning theory from Skinner—the operant conditioning model. However, many researchers did not like the one-size fits all explanation of behaviorism. Cognitivism grew in response to behaviorism in an effort to better understandRead MoreBehaviorism : A Psychological Perspective1018 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology 101 11/2/15 Behaviorism Behaviorism is a psychological perspective that focuses on an individual’s behavior. The main theorist behind this perspective was John Broadus Watson, who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Through his behaviorist views, he spectated the behavior of humans and animals when put into different situations. Watson published and article titled â€Å"Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it† where he explained his position on behaviorism. Watson stated that PsychologyRead MoreUpchurch Shawna EDUC 205 Learning Theory Paper1384 Words   |  6 PagesAugust 14, 2014 Behaviorism Behaviorism is one of the most used theories in education. Due to it can fit in both a classroom setting and at home. Educators had sought out the reason why for many years. But due to each child learns a different way so should the educator. Behaviorism was study by many great Psychologists over the years. Just to name some that had done work and publish books on the subject are, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Clark Hull, and B.F. Skinner. Behaviorism is defined as,† aRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words   |  4 PagesClassification Behaviorism claims that â€Å"consciousness† is neither defined nor unable concept; that it is merely another word for the â€Å"soul† of more ancient time (Watson, 1970). However, behaviorism holds the subject matter of human psychology it focus on the behavior or activities of the human being. Etymology The word behaviorism originates from the Middle French word behavior, meaning the observable activity in human and animal. This term was coined in 1913 by the United States psychologistRead MorePsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction- In the field of psychology, behaviorism was one of the theoretical ideas that changed quite drastically during the 20th century. Behaviorism tried to diminish the emphasis on the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind, instead putting forward a new way to look at human behavior that is empirical (observed, quantified, and measured). Ivan Pavlov, for instance, was researching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors

Gun Control And Mass Shootings - 1247 Words

Gun Control In the course of history gun control and mass shootings has always been an issue, but much too often, history has been being made. Gun control is an understatement for what actually is being implemented. The process to get a gun, for example, a rifle, is all too easy. Let me personally walk you through this gruesome process . First, you walk into the store, second you pick your desired weapon, third you walk to the cashier to do a background check, finally you buy the gun. The hardest part about that process was choosing the actual weapon you want. With little gun control comes more mass shootings, and with more control comes less mass shootings. Obtaining a gun is much too easy, and needs to become more strict, or even†¦show more content†¦Another common saying by those who believe taking away weapons is a bad thing is, â€Å"taking away guns will cause more criminal activity.† Every armed robbery taken place the victim has 91% of the time was wi elding a single type of weapon, for example a gun. As I sit here researching the topic on mass shootings and deaths in the U.S. a breaking news article popped up on my screen. In Texas today, November 5, 2017, 27 people were killed and 30 were injured. I would normally be in shock how someone can do such a thing to innocent moms, dads, kids, teens, and infants. But with the world we are living in now there are no surprises to me anymore with the recurring gun violence. It’s as if there is a contest to gain entry to the top mass shootings in U.S. history because this one in Texas has made it in. Exactly a month ago the Las Vegas shooting was taken place becoming the deadliest shooting ever recorded in U.S. history and this now being 4th in that list. Being the â€Å"greatest country† in the world I would think someone would have the common sense to realize guns are the issue not the people wielding them. Previously stated above among the 52,000 shooting incidents this year only about 1,700 was reported for defensive use, leaving the rest assumed to be in acts of violence. The number of deaths recorded this year for our U.S. soldiers reaches 6,903, while American citizens reach 13,136 with gun violence. With these facts being put on paper itShow MoreRelatedGun Control and Mass Shootings1442 Words   |  6 Pages Gun Control The occurence of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting of December 14, 2012, in Newtown, Connecticut. The gunman, was 20-year-old Adam Lana, who first shot and killed his mother at their Newtown home. He then drove to Sandy Hook Elementary School where he fatally shot 20 children and 6 adult staff members. As first responders arrived, Lana committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. The shooting began at approximately 9:30 a.m. Sandy Hook was the deadliest mass shooting atRead MoreGun Control And Mass Shootings2004 Words   |  9 PagesIn the United States, mass shootings have been an issue for decades. The latest being the Las Vegas shooting where 58 people were killed and 546 people were injured. This is just one of many examples of the shootings that have taken place within this nation. Statistics from CNN also show that in the last ten years, four of the five deadliest shootings have occurred. (Willingham, Ahmed) The lack of strictness which the United States has on t he ability to obtain guns gives leeway for these incidentsRead MoreThe Truth About Mass Shootings And Gun Control938 Words   |  4 PagesTruth About Mass Shootings and Gun Control: Crime and killings have fallen as gun ownership has increased†, was written in a manner to target a specific audience by using a current hot topic amongst politicians in the United States on gun control. By discussing recent mass shooting, the author is able to appeal to his audience with Ethos appeal allowing him to maintain the attention of the audience, which, otherwise would be overlooked by people outside his target audience. Gun control has been aRead MoreGun Control: The Prevention of Mass Shootings Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pages Guns have been used throughout history for war, hunting, and protection. Since then, the killing capacity and speed of guns has improved dramatically. Guns have been a part of American culture from its roots. However, as times have changed and guns are no longer a necessity, gun control has become increasingly urgent to prevent unnecessary crime and killings. Guns should be banned for everyone but the law enforcement and military. Guns should be banned to prevent mass shootings and lower crime ratesRead MoreMass Shootings : Will Gun Control Legislation Provide Effective Prevention?1689 Words   |  7 PagesMass shootings: Will gun control legislation provide effective prevention? Currently in the United States, there is a large debate going on about what we should do about gun control. This issue played a large role in the recent election of our president Donald Trump. In this issue, there are two sides as well as a middle section that agrees slightly with both sides. On the extreme sides of the issue, some people believe that guns should be completely not allowed in the United States, while someRead MoreGun Control Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesWhen a mass shooting or other act of terrorism occurs the first thing thought is: who is the person who did it? Are they white? Are they Islamic? After the basic questions are established there is next to no more talk or news coverage about the person who committed the crime. The only concern is the politics behind it. The media is more concerned about what the president has to say about the overall shooting, not about why this person had a gun or what caused this said person to committee the horribleRead MoreIn tro:. The Debate Over Gun Control Laws Is A Very Controversial1234 Words   |  5 PagesThe debate over gun control laws is a very controversial issue in the United States and out of the many issues currently up for debate in American politics, there is no other topic that has a partisan divide quite as deep as the debate over gun control. Few people advocate for mass shootings or other forms of gun violence, except of course for the perpetrators of such actions. It may be easy to blame the recent uptick of gun violence in recent years on the sheer prevalence of guns in American societyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control874 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has always been a heated topic in this country, and as more issues involving guns arise, the more heated it gets. This was especially seen after the Las Vegas mass shooting where 58 people died and 515 more were injured after a 64- year old man opened fire into a crowd during a concert. This devastating event should be enou gh for people to realize that more gun control laws should be placed around the country because most guns like large capacity guns are not needed for recreational useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Laws1701 Words   |  7 PagesA gun has the capacity to convert a conflict into a serious crime. The power of a gun is vast. But it the power of the gun is appreciated in right hands. The effects of a gun can be cherished when it is used by right hands and with the right intention. The effects of the gun are condemned when it reaches in wrong hands. A gun can protect as well as end someone’s life. When it ends the life of a criminal, it is a sign of bravery but when it takes the lives of innocent people it is condemned. ThereforeRead MoreA Brief Note On Shootings Shooting And The 2012 Aurora Shooting973 Words   |  4 Pagesto incidents of mass shootings, specially the 1999 Columbine shooting, 2007 Virginia Tech shooting and the 2012 Aurora shooting. According to my findings an d analysis, there are two main ways the issue of gun controlled is framed. One, gun control is depicted through a constitutional frame that represents the problem as an issue involving constitutional claims to support less strict gun laws and second, gun control is represented through the lens as a public health frame where the issue is seen as

Creatinine Lab Free Essays

Title: Creatinine Assay Aim: To determine the creatinine clearance of a selected undiluted urine samples by graphical extrapolation from a creatinine curve. Materials and Apparatus: University of the West Indies: Department of Basic Medical Sciences Laboratory Manual: BC35A, Creatinine Assay, pages 6-8, 2012 Changes to the Method: The experiment utilized one undiluted urine samples for concentration determination instead of five aliquots of twenty four hour urine samples. The urine sample and standard creatinine solutions were analyzed spectrophotometrically approximately five minutes after they were made up instead of using the allotted time interval (minutes) as suggested by the laboratory manual. We will write a custom essay sample on Creatinine Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now Results: Please see attachments. Discussion Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. It is an anhydride of creatine, the end product of phosphocreatine metabolism; measurements of its rate of urinary excretion are used as diagnostic indicators of kidney function and muscle mass. The experiment utilized serum creatinine. Creatinine is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys (glomerular filtration). There is little tubular reabsorption of creatinine. If the filtering of the kidney is deficient, creatinine blood levels rise. Therefore, creatinine levels in blood and urine may be used to calculate the creatinine clearance which reflects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The GFR is clinically important because it is a measurement of renal function . A more complete estimation of renal function can be made when interpreting the blood (plasma) concentration of creatinine along with that of urea. BUN-to-creatinine ratio (the ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine) can indicate other problems besides those intrinsic to the kidney; for example, a urea level raised out of proportion to the creatinine may indicate a pre-renal problem such as volume depletion. The typical human reference ranges for serum creatinine are 0. 5 to 1. 0 mg/dl (about 45-90 ? mol/l) for women and 0. 7 to 1. 2 mg/dl (60-110 ? mol/L) for men. While a baseline serum creatinine of 2. 0 mg/dl (150 ? mol/l) may indicate normal kidney function in a male body builder. The experimental creatinine levels obtained for the undiluted sample of creatinine is ____________, the values obtained are significantly higher than the normal creatinine values for a healthy male or female. Factors that may contribute to the elevated levels of serum creatinine may include; a disorder of the kidneys and impaired renal function. These disorders include glomerulonephritis characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels in the kidneys, bacterial infection of the kidneys or pyelonephritis and acute tubular necrosis, or cell death in the kidneys’ small tubes caused by toxic substances. Obstruction of the urinary tract, such as with prostate disease or kidney stones, can also cause impaired kidney function and lead to elevated creatinine levels. Increased muscle mass indicates increased creatine phosphate, which translates to increased creatinine levels in the blood. Acromegaly and gigantism are disorders caused by abnormality of the pituitary gland and can be associated with increased muscle mass also the ingestion of steroidal substances that stimulates an increase in muscle mass. When medical conditions affect normal blood flow to the kidneys, renal function becomes impaired thus increasing creatinine levels in the blood. Shock, or a sudden critical drop in blood flow to the body, compromises renal status because the kidneys are not being nourished. Dehydration causes reduced renal blood flow, as well. In people with congestive heart failure, the heart is not adequately pumping blood towards the kidneys and other organs. Atherosclerosis, or narrowing of the arteries, and diabetic nephropathy are other conditions that reduce blood flow to the kidneys. Precautions/Sources of Error: 1. The experiment utilize spectrophotometric machines that are susceptible to light interfence from the external environment and interference from glassware that is not properly cleaned, this may cause inaccurate readings. 2. Contamination of serum standard solutions of creatinine may give inaccurate readings when using the spectrophotometric machines, hence contamination should be prevented by using clean glassware and wearing all the protected clothing that is applicable. Questions a) Factors that may contribute to varying creatinine levels include: (1)The most common abnormality in a creatinine blood level is a change in kidney function. The kidneys are composed of around a million filters for each kidney, called nephrons. Each of these nephrons contains tubular structures that accomplish the filtering of waste materials and the re-absorption of necessary materials in the blood that passed through the nephrons. Most creatinine is normally filtered out along two structures called the glomerulus and proximal convoluted tubule, maintaining the low levels of creatinine in the blood. A rise in creatinine blood levels indicates that this filtration is not taking place, suggesting there is a problem with kidney function. (2) Creatinine levels can be affected by transient or non-disease factors that are not kidney malfunction. Bodybuilders, because of the excess of muscular tissue that creates creatinine, will typically have high levels of creatinine. Severe dehydration will cause higher than normal creatinine. Eating a great deal of meat just hours before blood is drawn can elevate creatinine levels. Some drugs will cause higher than normal creatinine blood levels. These causes are ruled out before a follow up test to determine the cause of elevated creatinine. Low creatinine levels may indicate muscular dystrophy or myasthenia gravis. (3) Preeclampsia is a condition during pregnancy, the cause of which is poorly understood. Elevated creatinine may indicate preeclampsia in pregnant women, especially women on their first pregnancy. Untreated preeclampsia can lead to eclampsia, a life-threatening seizure disorder. Elevated creatinine in conjunction with swelling of the hands and face is an early sign of preeclampsia. Later signs may include persistent headache, pain in the upper-right quadrant of the abdomen, inadequate urination, agitation and nausea. 2b) The amount of creatinine the body produces each day depends on the person’s muscle mass: a young, muscular man produces more creatinine than a average non athletic male. Because muscle mass normally changes very little, creatinine is usually produced at about the same rate every day in each person. However, if continuous exercise is performed as in the case of an athlete the muscle employs the creatine phosphate metabolism more often and hence more creatine and creatinine is metabolized which will eventually increase the muscle mass of the individual. Athletes may also ingest creatine which will stimulate the production of creatinine in the body and will contribute to an increase in muscle mass. 2c) The blood urea test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea, and a measurement of renal function. Urea is a by-product from metabolism of proteins by the liver and is removed from the blood by the kidneys. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain between 7 to 21 mg of urea nitrogen per 100 ml (7–21 mg/dL) of blood. BUN is an indication of renal health. Normal ranges 2. 5-6. 5mmol/L. If Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and blood volume then BUN will increase. Conclusion The experimental results indicate that there was a elevated serum creatinine level that was above the normal levels. Elevated serum concentration may indicate impaired liver function. The serum creatinine level was found to be ______________. References 1. Delanghe J; De Slypere JP, De Buyzere M, Robbrecht J, Wieme R, Vermeulen A (Aug 1989). â€Å"Normal reference values for creatine, creatinine, and carnitine are lower in vegetarians†. Retreived October 3, 2012. 2. â€Å"The creatine-creatinine equilibrium. The apparent dissociation constants of creatine and creatinine. Retrieved October 3, 2012. 3. â€Å"International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise†. October 3, 2012. How to cite Creatinine Lab, Essay examples

French Classical Menu free essay sample

A potage is usually pureed and is often thick, well-seasoned meat or vegetable soup, usually containing barley or other cereal or a pulse (e. g. lentils). Today, the words soupe and potage are often used interchangeably. On good-class a la carte menus, a fish soup is also usually offered for selection, the two most common being â€Å"Bisque d’Homard† or â€Å"Bouillabaisse. † 3) Oeufs Oeufs are the dishes made from egg. The omelette is the most popular item, but there are other styles of cooking and preparation of eggs such as boiled, en cocotte, poached or scrambled. This course is not included in the dinner menu. Some examples are omelette, Espagnole, Oeuf en Cocotte a la crime, Oeuf poche florentine. 4) Farineux This is Italys contribution to the courses of the menu. It includes different kinds of rice and pasta. Pasta dishs are spaghetti, lasagne and gnocchi. Pasta is made from durum wheat semolina or milled durum wheat to which water is added to form a dough. It can be coloured and flavoured in various ways. There are more than 200 varieties of pasta. The ingredients, size, shape and colour determine the type of pasta. Some examples include Spaghetti Bolognaise, Lasagne Napolitaine and Macaroni au gratin. 5) Poisson Poisson are the dishs made from fish. Fish, being soft-fibred, prepares the palate for the heavier meats that follow. Deep-fried or grilled fish dishes do not generally occupy a place on the â€Å"classical dinner menu,† but are freely offered on the shorter-coursed luncheon menu. This also applies to the coarser members of the fish family, and the dinner menu is usually comprised of the finer fish prepared and cooked in the more classical manners. Ideal fish for dinner menu compilation are: Sole, Salmon, Halibut, Escallops, etc. Rarely seen on a menu for the evening meal are: Cod, Bass, Haddock, Brill, Hake, and Plaice. One deep-fried fish dish, which normally finds itself on the dinner menu, however, is â€Å"Blanchaille†, and this only because Whitebait are so light and in no way too filling for the comfort of the guest. 6) Entree This is the first of the meat courses on a menu. It is always a complete dish in itself. It is despatched from the kitchen garnished and sauced in the manner in which it is intended to be served. The â€Å"entree† is always cooked and garnished in an artistic manner and usually served with a rich sauce. The â€Å"entree† can be devised of almost anything light. This course consists of all the small cuts of butcher’s meats, usually sauteed, but never grilled. Grilled steaks, cutlets and chops invariably replace the joints as the roast (roti) course. The following items, with their appropriate garnishes and sauces, can be successfully served as entrees.  · Brains (Cervelles)  · Liver (Foie)  · Oxtail (Queue de Boeuf)  · Kidneys (Rognons)  · Calves Head (Tete de Veau)  · Trips (Tripes)  · Rump, Entrecote and Tournedo Beefsteaks  · Lamb Chops and cutlets Noisettes and Filet Mignons  · Pork Chops and cutlets Escallops, Granadins, Medallions, and Cotes of Veal  · Sweetbreads (Ris de Veau / Agneau)  · Hot Souffles or Mousses  · Bouchees  · Pilaws and Rizottos  · Small cuts or portions of poultry, individually cooked, are also served as entrees In first-class hotels and restaurants, all entrees are cooked, garnished and presented for service by th e sauce cook (saucier). 7) Releve This is the main meat course on the menu, and is commonly known as the â€Å"piece de resistance. † It may consist of joint of any of the following: Lamb (Agneau) Chicken (Poulet) Beef (Boeuf) Duckling (Caneton) Veal (Veau) Fowl (Poulard) Ham (Jambon) Tongue (Langue) Pork (Pore) These joints would be cooked by the sauce cook in a firstclass hotel or restaurant, by any method except roasting. They are usually cooked on casserole, braise or poele. Generally cooked in a sauce and served with it. 8) Sorbet This course is a rest between courses. It counteracts the previous dishes, and rejuvenates the appetite for those that are to follow. Normally served between the releve/remove and the roti, it is a water and crushed ice slush flavored as a rule with champagne and served in a glass. A frozen dessert made primarily of fruit juice, sugar, and water, and also containing milk, egg white, or gelatin. Some examples are Sorbet Italian and Sorbet creme de menthe. Russian or Egyptian cigarettes are often passed around during this course. 9) Roti Roast This course normally consists of game or poultry and is often included in the entree. Each dish is accompanied with its own particular sauce and salad. Some examples are Roast chicken, Braised duck and Roast quail. 10) Legumes These are vegetable dishes that can be served separately as an individual course or may be included along with the entree, releve or roast courses. Some examples are Cauliflower mornay, Baked potato and Grilled tomatoes. 11) Entremets Entremets on a menu refers to desserts. This could include hot or cold sweets, gateaux, souffles or ice-cream. Some examples are Apple pie, Chocolate souffle and Cassata ice-cream. 12) Savoureux A dish of pungent taste, such as anchovies on toast or pickled fruit. They are seved hot on toast or as savoury souffle. Welsh rarebit, Scotch woodcock, Canape diane are some of the examples. Fromage (Cheese) is an alternative to the outdated savoury course, and may be served before or after the sweet course. It is usually served with butter, crackers and occasionally celery. Gouda, Camembert and Cheddar are some examples of cheese. 13) Desservir Dessert is a course that typically comes at the end of a meal. The French word desservir mean to clear the table. This is the fruit course usually presented in a basket and placed on the table, as part of the table decor, and served at the end of the meal. All forms of fresh fruit and nuts may be served in this course. Common desserts include cakes, cookies, fruits, pastries and candies.